chapter 1 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Which noteworthy criminal justice initiative was funded by the Safe Streets and Crime Control Act of 1968? a. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) b. American Bar Foundation c. National Commission of Law Observances and Enforcement d. Federal Bureau of Investigation ____ 2. Roughly how much money is spent on criminal justice per year in the United States a. $75 million b. $100 million c. $75 billion d. $150 billion ____ 3. During which step of the formal criminal justice process would an open probable cause hearing occur to determine the merits of the case against the accused? a. arraignment b. bail c. preliminary hearing d. trial ____ 4. Who was the 18th century social philosopher who wrote the famous book "On Crime and Punishment" that argued against the use of torture and capital punishment? a. James Q. Wilson b. Sir Robert Peel c. Cesare Beccaria d. William Tweed ____ 5. Which branch of the criminal justice system is responsible for postadjuduication care of offenders? a. police b. courts c. corrections d. prosecution ____ 6. Whose job is it to interpret the law and determine whether it meets constitutional requirements? a. the police b. the judiciary c. the legislature d. the executive branch of government ____ 7. Which branch of government influences the criminal justice system through the appointment and removal of the heads of agencies? a. the executive branch b. the legislature c. the judiciary d. the voting public ____ 8. During which step in the formal criminal justice process would the police search a suspecor weapons, interrogate him/her, or even encourage the individual to confess to a crime? a. investigation b. preliminary hearing c. initial contact d. custody ____ 9. How many people are currently under control of the correctional system? a. 150,000 b. 700,000 c. 2.3 million d. 6.5 million ____ 10. What is the current cost to keep an inmate in prison for one year? a. $22,000 b. $30,000 c. $75,000 d. $90,000 ____ 11. Which agency of crime control has chief jurisdiction over the disposition stage of the formal criminal justice process? a. the police b. the prosecution and defense c. the court d. corrections ____ 12. In order to legally arrest someone an officer must satisfy what level of evidence? a. discretion b. a preponderance of evidence c. probable cause d. evidence sufficient beyond a reasonable doubt ____ 13. Which of the following is considered to be a legitimate influence on criminal justice system decision making? a. race b. gender c. available evidence d. age ____ 14. In order to make a misdemeanor arrest, the officer must satisfy what legal requirement? a. the in-presence requirement b. the interstate compact requirement c. the standard of preponderance of evidence d. the deprivation of liberty standard ____ 15. If the case involves a misdemeanor, the prosecutor will file a document generally called what? a. an indictment b. a complaint c. a warrant d. a subpoena ____ 16. What formal term is used to indicate that the prosecutor will take no further action in the case? a. nolo contendere b. nolle prosequi c. pro bono d. mala prohibitum ____ 17. At what decision point in the formal criminal process does the defendant enter a plea of guilty or not guilty? a. during the arraignment b. during the criminal trial c. during the preliminary hearing d. during the bail hearing ____ 18. A money bond that allows defendants pre-trial freedom is known as: a. pretrial diversion b. bail c. bonding d. bill of indictment ____ 19. Which perspective on justice maintains that the proper role of the justice system is to prevent crime through the judicious use of criminal sanctions? a. crime control perspective b. due process perspective c. rehabilitation perspective d. nonintervention perspective ____ 20. Source control efforts aimed at cutting off the supply of drugs in drug-producing countries is a practice closely associated with which perspective on justice? a. justice perspective b. restorative justice perspective c. due process perspective d. crime control perspective ____ 21. The O.J. Simpson case is an example of which level of the criminal justice "wedding cake"? a. level I b. level II c. level III d. level IV ____ 22. Which layer of the wedding cake model of justice is characterized by crimes such as rape, robbery and burglary that are committed by experienced offenders? a. the celebrated case b. the serious felony c. the less serious felony d. the misdemeanor ____ 23. Methadone programs are closely associated with the drug control policies of which perspective on justice? a. due process perspective b. restorative justice perspective c. nonintervention perspective d. rehabilitation perspective ____ 24. Hard-line conservatives are most likely to favor what perspective on justice? a. crime control b. rehabilitation c. due process d. restorative justice ____ 25. The legalization of drugs is an policy idea most closely associated with which of the perspectives on justice? a. due process perspective b. restorative justice perspective c. nonintervention perspective d. rehabilitation perspective ____ 26. The focus of justice should be on who according to the crime control perspective? a. the criminal b. the judge c. the victim d. society ____ 27. How can crime be controlled according to the rehabilitation perspective? a. by increasing the penalties for criminal activity b. through the increased use of alternative sentencing c. by giving people the means to improve their life-style through conventional endeavors d. by building more prisons ____ 28. What is an area of major concern for due process advocates? a. the providing of fair and equitable treatment for the accused b. the protection of victim's rights c. the social inequity of urban slums d. equitable public spending on rehabilitation programs ____ 29. The primary focus in the due process perspective is on what? a. the criminal b. the crime c. the victim d. the criminal justice response to the crime ____ 30. Labeling theory had a significant impact on the philosophy of what perspective on justice? a. conflict b. nonintervention c. justice d. due process ____ 31. What is the primary focus of the nonintervention perspective? a. the cause of crime b. the criminal act c. the defendant's response to the criminal justice system's involvement d. the victim's reaction to the criminal act ____ 32. The concept of "truth-in-sentencing" is closely associated with which perspective? a. nonintervention b. rehabilitation c. justice d. crime control ____ 33. The use of specialized drug courts is closely associated with the drug control policies of which perspective on justice? a. due process perspective b. nonintervention perspective c. crime control perspective d. restorative justice perspective ____ 34. Advocates of restorative justice argue that what should replace coercive punishment as the key to a harmonious society? a. justice b. mutual aid c. socialism d. religion ____ 35. What is the cornerstone of the justice anti-drug model? a. the increased use of military forces to seal the borders b. decreased reliance on rehabilitation programs for drug addicts c. the adoption of mandatory minimum sentences for drug crimes d. the legalization of drugs True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. ____ 36. The LEAA program no longer exists. ____ 37. Herbert Hoover was the President responsible for appointing the Wickersham Commission. ____ 38. The legislature is the branch of government responsible for establishing the criminal penalties for those who violate the law. ____ 39. An arrest warrant is required for all lawful felony arrests. ____ 40. Postconviction remedies fall under the jurisdiction of the court system. ____ 41. Less serious felonies make up the bottom layer of the criminal justice system wedding cake. ____ 42. The O.J. Simpson case is a good example of the type of case that fit into the "serious felony" layer of Walker's criminal justice wedding cake model of justice. ____ 43. Just desert is a term commonly associated with the justice perspective. ____ 44. Mediation and conflict resolution are popular policies among those who endorse the restorative justice perspective of justice. ____ 45. The non-interventionist philosophy emphasizes the criminalization of drug offenses in order to protect society. ____ 46. Drug prevention is an approach commonly associated with the crime control perspective. ____ 47. The war on drugs relies on programs from all six of the principle justice perspectives.