____ 1. Who of the following is a mass murderer? a. Dillon Kleabold b. Jeffrey Dahmer c. Donald Harvey d. Richard Ramirez ____ 2. What is the term used to describe a murderer who spreads their killings out over an intense few days or weeks? a. mass murderer b. serial killer c. spree criminal d. criminal terrorist ____ 3. What is the most commonly abused substance in the United States? a. marijuana b. cocaine c. alcohol d. heroin ____ 4. An immediate opportunity that presents itself and makes a property crime more appealing is called a: a. situational inducement b. specific deterrent c. situational crime d. moral development ____ 5. Choice theory argues that criminals commit crimes based on: a. free will b. intelligence c. peer pressure d. a drive to succeed ____ 6. If people choose not to commit a crime because they fear legal punishment, then we can say that they were what? a. rehabilitated b. incapacitated c. adjudicated d. deterred ____ 7. If a potential criminal believes they will face punishment because they are aware of someone else who was punished which concept is at work? a. general deterrence b. specific deterrence c. routine activities theory d. situational crime prevention ____ 8. The pragmatic use of things such as surveillance cameras and security lighting to fight crime is a part of which perspective? a. situational crime prevention b. situational lighting c. prevention opportunity d. difficulty design ____ 9. Oscar Newman's defensible space ideas fall under which branch of rational choice theory? a. general deterrence b. specific deterrence c. routine activities theory d. situational crime prevention ____ 10. Which philosophy of punishment punishes severely in an attempt to convince the arrested offender to never repeat their criminal act? a. specific deterrence b. rehabilitation c. incapacitation d. general deterrence ____ 11. Steering locks on cars and unbreakable glass storefronts are examples of what type of situational crime prevention tactic? a. increasing the effort needed to commit the crime b. increasing the risks of committing the crime c. reducing the rewards for committing the crime d. inducing guilt or shame over the crime ____ 12. Which of the following concepts is associated with Cesare Lombroso's research on the physical qualities of Italian prison inmates? a. specific deterrence b. strain c. neurotransmitters d. atavistic anomalies ____ 13. The origins of scientific criminology are usually traced to whose research? a. Emile Durkheim b. Edwin Sutherland c. Cesare Lombroso d. Sigmund Freud ____ 14. People with abnormal levels of chemical substances such as dopamine and serotonin in their brain chemistry are thought to commit acts of violence due to an impairment in their: a. EEG patterns b. chemical allergies c. cerebral structure d. neurotransmitters ____ 15. Who is attributed with the creation of psychoanalysis? a. Freud b. Jung c. Lewis d. Trevanian ____ 16. Schizophrenia is a type of what? a. neurosis b. latent trait manifestation c. psychosis d. minimum brain dysfunction ____ 17. Why do people become violent according to the social learning theory? a. they model their behavior after others and have that behavior reinforced b. they are born with a predisposition towards violence due to their genetics c. they suffer damage to their egos and superegos at an early age d. they experience negative effect states due to exposure to strain ____ 18. The concepts of moral development and information processing are associated with which branch of the psychological theory? a. cognitive theory b. psychopath theory c. behavioral theory d. IQ and crime theory ____ 19. What has criminological research found regarding the psychopathic personality? a. an estimated 10 to 30 percent of all prison inmates can be classified as psychopaths b. the majority of all prisoners can be classified as psychopaths c. most offenders are classified as sociopathic rather than as psychopaths d. the psychopathic personality is a myth with no support found for its existence in the research ____ 20. Which group of children watches the most television? a. aged 1 to 2 b. aged 2 to 5 c. aged 6 to 11 d. teens ____ 21. Differences in the crime rate that exist across regions, states, or neighborhoods is a principle concern of what type of theory? a. biological b. psychological c. sociological d. developmental ____ 22. Sociological criminology is usually traced to the pioneering work of whom? a. Edwin Sutherland b. Cesare Lombroso c. Emile Durkheim d. Travis Hirschi ____ 23. Emile Durkheim introduced which important concept as a cornerstone of his early sociological theory of crime and deviance? a. anomie b. strain c. differential association d. culture of poverty ____ 24. Walter Miller proposed which concept to help explain the spread of gangs in poor neighborhoods? a. lower-class focal concerns b. culture of poverty c. disinhibition d. differential association ____ 25. Which of the following was not one of the lower-class focal concerns set forth by Walter Miller to explain the spread of gang delinquency? a. toughness b. excitement c. disinhibition d. smartness ____ 26. Which of the following was not one of elements of the social bond that Travis Hirschi set forth in his statement of social control theory? a. belief b. attachment c. commitment d. involvement ____ 27. Secondary deviance is a concept closely associated with which type of sociological theory? a. labeling b. conflict c. strain d. social disorganization ____ 28. Which theory argues that economic and political forces are the fundamental causes of criminality? a. social control b. conflict c. differential association d. systematic justice ____ 29. Radical feminist scholars view the female criminal as a victim of what? a. economic disparity b. social injustice c. male dominance and gender inequality d. anomie ____ 30. According to latent trait views, fluctuations in offending rates are a function of what? a. varying criminal opportunities b. varying diet and mineral supplements patterns c. changes in the elements of the social bond d. changes in the propensity to commit crime ____ 31. Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime argues that individual differences in the tendency to commit criminal acts can be found in what? a. the level of relative deprivation in their immediate environment b. their level of self-control c. the perceived value of social injustice in the community d. their tolerance for social strain ____ 32. What are the two most critical turning points in a criminal career, according to Sampson and Laub? a. marriage and career b. employment and imprisonment c. family and friends d. adolescence and death ____ 33. The provocation or encouragement of criminal activity is often referred to as what? a. latent trait activity b. victim precipitation c. anomie d. cognitive abuse of the victim ____ 34. What does lifestyles theory posit about victimization? a. the victim invariably precipitates their own victimization b. victimization is a function of social strain and precipitation c. crime is not a random event and the probability of a crime occurring is dependent on the activities of the victim d. victims are just as likely to become offenders as offenders are to become victims ____ 35. Which of the following is not one of the three factors linked to predatory crime rates by Cohen and Felson? a. the supply of motivated offenders b. the supply of suitable targets c. the absence of effective guardians for protection d. the extent of relative social deprivation True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. ____ 36. A spree killer kills all of his/her victims at one moment in time. ____ 37. White collar crime is an example of an economic crime. ____ 38. The ADAM program surveys arrestees about their drug use behaviors. ____ 39. Osama bin Laden is a good example of a nationalist terrorist. ____ 40. The Environmental Liberation Front (ELF) is an example of a political terrorist group. ____ 41. The field of criminology is not concerned with the control of criminal behavior, only its causes. ____ 42. General deterrence seeks to stop criminals from repeating their behavior in the future. ____ 43. Specific deterrence seeks to stop future offending in the offender being punished. ____ 44. Reducing the rewards for committing crime is one hallmark of the situational crime prevention approach. ____ 45. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder falls under the heading of psychodynamic theory. ____ 46. Social learning theory is a branch of choice theory. ____ 47. Disinhibition in a child results when adults are viewed as being rewarded for violence and when violence is seen as socially acceptable. ____ 48. Negative affect states is a concept associated with Robert Agnew's general strain theory. ____ 49. According to Hirschi's social control theory, belief is a key element of the social bond. ____ 50. The lack of capable guardians is a cornerstone of routine activities theory.